© 2007 Society of Systematic Biologists
Genomic Analysis and Geographic Visualization of the Spread of Avian Influenza (H5N1)
Edited by Rod Page: Associate Editor
1 Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University 3190 Graves Hall, 333 W. 10th Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210-1239, USA E-mail: Daniel.Janies@osumc.edu
2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0334, USA E-mail: Robert.Guralnick@colorado.edu Andrew.Hill@colorado.edu
3 University of Colorado Museum, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, USA, 80309-0265
4 Department of Physics, The Ohio State University 1040 Physics Research Building, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1117, USA E-mail:farhat@pacific.mps.ohio-state.edu
5 Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York, 10024-5193, USA E-mail: ewaltari@amnh.org wheeler@amnh.org
Received August 31, 2006; Revised November 23, 2006; Accepted January 9, 2007
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
Wild birds are known to carry all strains of influenza and, in theory, any of these strains could be the source of the next human pandemic. Most influenza infections in humans since 1968 have been attributed to influenza A, antigenic subtypes H3N2 or H1N1. However, due to recent and novel infections of humans with an avian strain of influenza (H5N1), a great deal of attention continues to be focused on the spread of H5N1. Key questions include which hosts have carried the virus from Asia to Russia, the Middle East, East and West Africa, and Europe, and which mutations of H5N1 have allowed it to be transmitted among various hosts, including humans. We have created an interactive genomic and geographic map using phylogenetic software and Google Earth (GE; earth.google.com) to reconstruct the evolution and spread of H5N1 influenza lineages over the past decade. Our results provide insight on competing hypotheses
The Biology of Influenza Is Multifaceted
H5N1 Influenza Is a Concern of Public Health that Includes Several Important Social and Economic Issues
Genome and Isolate Sampling
Multiple Alignments
Tree Search, Character Coding, and Optimization
Visualization
Statistical Validation of Visualized Patterns
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Results |
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Geographic Spread of H5N1 and Associated Changes in Host Use
Genotypes Associated with Various Hosts
Spread of Various Genotypes over Time and Space
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Discussion |
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Which Avian Taxa Spread H5N1?
Have Key Genotypes that Underlie Host Switching Been Identified among Lineages of Avian Influenza (H5N1)?
Multidimensional Analysis and Effective Communication of Results on Large Complex Systems Are Important
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