© 2006 Society of Systematic Biologists
Extensive Morphological Convergence and Rapid Radiation in the Evolutionary History of the Family Geoemydidae (Old World Pond Turtles) Revealed by SINE Insertion Analysis
1 Department of Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, National Institute for Basic Biology Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
2 Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
3 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
4 Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama, Japan E-mail: nokada{at}bio.titech.ac.jp
Edited by Rod Page: Associate Editor
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Abstract |
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The family Geoemydidae is one of three in the superfamily Testudinoidea and is the most diversified family of extant turtle species. The phylogenetic relationships in this family and among related families have been vigorously investigated from both morphological and molecular viewpoints. The evolutionary history of Geoemydidae, however, remains controversial. Therefore, to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of Geoemydidae and related species, we applied the SINE insertion method to investigate 49 informative SINE loci in 28 species. We detected four major evolutionary lineages (Testudinidae, Batagur group, Siebenrockiella group, and Geoemyda group) in the clade Testuguria (a clade of Geoemydidae + Testudinidae). All five specimens of Testudinidae form a monophyletic clade. The Batagur group comprises five batagurines. The Siebenrockiella group has one species, Siebenrockiella crassicollis. The Geoemyda group comprises 15 geoemydines (including three former batagurines, Mauremys reevesii, Mauremys sinensis, and Heosemys annandalii). Among these four groups, the SINE insertion patterns were inconsistent at four loci, suggesting that an ancestral species of Testuguria radiated and rapidly diverged into the four lineages during the initial stage of its evolution. Furthermore, within the Geoemyda group we identified three evolutionary lineages, namely Mauremys, Cuora, and Heosemys. The Heosemys lineage comprises Heosemys, Sacalia, Notochelys, and Melanochelys species, and its monophyly is a novel assemblage in Geoemydidae. Our SINE phylogenetic tree demonstrates extensive convergent morphological evolution between the Batagur group and the three species of the Geoemyda group, M. reevesii, M. sinensis, and H. annandalii.
Keywords: Convergent evolution; Geoemydidae; incomplete lineage sorting; phylogeny; retroposon; SINE; turtle
Received January 7, 2006; Revised March 1, 2006; Accepted June 13, 2006
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