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Systematic Biology 2006 55(2):208-227; doi:10.1080/10635150500481317
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© 2006 Society of Systematic Biologists

Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses Indicate Multiple Independent Emergences of Parasitism in Myzostomida (Protostomia)

Deborah Lanterbecq1, Greg W. Rouse2, Michel C. Milinkovitch3 and Igor Eeckhaut1

1 Marine Biology Laboratory, University of Mons-Hainaut (UMH), 6 Avenue du champ de Mars, Life Sciences building 7000 Mons, Belgium E-mail: deborah.lanterbecq{at}umh.ac.be (D.L.) igor.eeckhaut{at}umh.ac.be (I.E.)
2 South Australian Museum Adelaide, Australia; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
3 Unit of Evolutionary Genetics (CP 300), University of Adelaide, Free University of Brussels (ULB), Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine Gosselies, 6041, Belgium

Edited by Marshal Hedin: Associate Editor


  Abstract

The fossil record indicates that Myzostomida, an enigmatic group of marine worms, traditionally considered as annelids, have exhibited a symbiotic relationship with echinoderms, especially crinoids, for nearly 350 million years. All known extant myzostomids are associated with echinoderms and infest their integument, gonads, celom, or digestive system. Using nuclear (18S rDNA) and mitochondrial (16S and COI) DNA sequence data from 37 myzostomid species representing nine genera, we report here the first molecular phylogeny of the Myzostomida and investigate the evolution of their various symbiotic associations. Our analyses indicate that the two orders Proboscidea and Pharyngidea do not constitute natural groupings. Character reconstruction analyses strongly suggest that (1) the ancestor of all extant myzostomids was an ectocommensal that first infested crinoids, and then asteroids and ophiuroids, and (2) parasitism in myzostomids emerged multiple times independently.

Keywords: Character evolution; commensalism; crinoids; echinoderms; molecular phylogeny; myzostomids; symbiosis

Received August 5, 2004; Revised November 23, 2004; Accepted September 1, 2005
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